Changes in cerebral capillary bed
Changes in the cerebral capillary bed following cervical sympathectomy,' Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat., 1929, 21, 1102.
Tracy J. Putnam
The Cerebral Circulation: Some New Points in its Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology
J Neurol Psychopathol, Jan 1937; s1-17: 193 - 212.
Tracy J. Putnam
The Cerebral Circulation: Some New Points in its Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology
J Neurol Psychopathol, Jan 1937; s1-17: 193 - 212.
Permeability and Sympathetic Nervous System
In dogs, cats, and rabbits sympathectomy reduces the penetration of dye from the blood through the synovial membrane of the knee joint.
J Neurol Psychiatry, Apr 1941; 4: 147 - 162.
J Neurol Psychiatry, Apr 1941; 4: 147 - 162.
Observations during lobotomy applied to patients for treatment of palmar sweating
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Aug 1954; 17: 196 - 203.
......similar serial observa- tions on patients undergoing other intracranial operations. One patient undergoing a two-stage lumbar sympathectomy for hypertension was studied in detail. Following both operations she failed to show any marked rise in skin resistance......
Alick Elithorn, Malcolm F. Piercy, and Margaret A. Crosskey
A PERSISTING CHANGE IN PALMAR SWEATING FOLLOWING PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY
......similar serial observa- tions on patients undergoing other intracranial operations. One patient undergoing a two-stage lumbar sympathectomy for hypertension was studied in detail. Following both operations she failed to show any marked rise in skin resistance......Alick Elithorn, Malcolm F. Piercy, and Margaret A. Crosskey
A PERSISTING CHANGE IN PALMAR SWEATING FOLLOWING PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY
Increased sensitivity to insulin following sympathectomy
the increased insulin tolerance seen in patients during the immediate post-operative period after lumbo-dorsal sympathectomy is followed by a secondary stage of increased sensitivity to the drug.
 |  E. Marley ALTERED RESPONSE TO SMALL DOSES OF INSULIN ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTROPLEXY AND HYPOGLYCAEMIC THERAPIES J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Feb 1956; 19: 57 - 61. |
Sprouting following sympathectomy- recurrence of symptoms
They showed that recovery of function after partial sympathectomy in cats depends, not on hypersensitivity, but on collateral sprouting of the surviving sympathetic fibres.
G. F. M. Russell
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Nov 1958; 21: 290 - 296.
G. F. M. Russell
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Nov 1958; 21: 290 - 296.
Auto-regulation after sympathectomy
sympathectomy changes the position of upper and lower limits of auto- regulation but not the basic ability to autoregulate per se (Fitch)
| J. D. Pickard, D. P. J. Boisvert, D. I. Graham, and W. Fitch Late effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage on the response of the primate cerebral circulation to drug-induced changes in arterial blood pressure J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Oct 1979; 42: 899 - 903. |
Oedema associated with the interruption of preganglionic sympathetic tract
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Mar 1992; 55: 232 - 233.
......with Raynaud's disease or causalgia after acute interruption of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres such as a wide-spread sympathectomy. Complete sympathetic block dilates vein and capillary and increases peripheral pooling, which raises hydrostatic pressure..... Dilation of major cerebral arteries and cranial noncerebral vasodilation following sympathectomy
Headache Following Cervical Sympathectomy
Headache. 43(4):410-414, April 2003.
Spierings, Egilius L. H. MD, PhD
Headache. 43(4):410-414, April 2003.
Spierings, Egilius L. H. MD, PhD
Abstract:
Background: A patient developed severe, continuous, unilateral headache that was "vascular" in nature, following cervical sympathectomy.
Objective: To determine the changes in cranial blood flow in the cat following lesioning and stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve.
Method: Carotid blood flow was determined by electromagnetic flowmetry and its tissue distribution by intra-arterial injection of 15-[mu]m radioactive microspheres.
Results: Following sympathetic lesioning, an increase in carotid blood flow was observed and reversed with stimulation. The distribution of carotid blood flow changed for the brain only, maintaining relatively constant tissue perfusion.
Conclusion: An increase in cerebral blood flow could not have accounted for the sympathectomy-induced headache. Dilation of major cerebral arteries and cranial noncerebral vasodilation probably constitutes its mechanism.
pituitary secretions of ACTH and TSH after sympathectomy
Cervical sympathectomy affects adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in rats
| Journal | Journal of Anesthesia |
| Publisher | Springer Japan |
| ISSN | 0913-8668 (Print) 1438-8359 (Online) |
| Issue | Volume 10, Number 3 / September, 1996 |
The present results suggest that cervical sympathectomy in the rat increases ACTH secretion and decreases TSH secretion in the pituitary. These effects seem to be due to a mildly increased secretion of melatonin in the pineal body that probably in turn increases corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) secretion and decreases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secretion in the hypothalamus. Extrapolation of these findings to humans suggests that longterm and repeated stellate ganglion block would affect the pituitary secretions of ACTH and TSH.
remarkable changes in the nerves that remain
Chemical denervation and selected ganglionectomy studies have shown that loss of sympathetic or sensory innervation induces remarkable changes in the nerves that remain.
Sympathectomy. Unilateral removal of the SCG results in the reinnervation of the denervated cerebral vessel by sprouting nerves from the contralateral ganglion (Kahrstrom et al. 1986). Following chronic guanethidine sympathectomy there is a complete depletion of sympathetic cotransmitters NA and NPY from the dura mater but an increase in the expression of NPY in non-sympathetic axons (lacking small dense-cored vesicles) supplying cerebral vessels and the iris (Mione at al. 1990). The source of increased cerebrovasular NPY is thought to be preexisting parasympathetic cranial ganglia which normally express both NPY and VIP (Gibbins and Morris 1998).
Indeed, sympathectomy-induced DBH-immunoreactivity in the sphenopalatine (parasympathetic) ganglion occurs at the same time as a loss of VIP-immunoreactivity (Fan and Smith 1993). In the cerebral and uterine artery, loss of sympathetic nerves also leads to increased DBH-immunoreactivity in non-sympathetic nerves that lack TH and NA (Morris et al. 1991).
The loss of sympathtetic neurones and nerve fibres is also accompanied by striking increases in sensory innervation. This has been attributed to increased availability to NGF (as there are no sympathetic nerves with which to compete for uptake) which promotes the growth of sensory nerves (Kessler et al. 1983)
In the lung, sympathectomy induced a marked increase in CGRP-immunoreactive nerve density around the airways, and blood vessels.
Sympathectomy. Unilateral removal of the SCG results in the reinnervation of the denervated cerebral vessel by sprouting nerves from the contralateral ganglion (Kahrstrom et al. 1986). Following chronic guanethidine sympathectomy there is a complete depletion of sympathetic cotransmitters NA and NPY from the dura mater but an increase in the expression of NPY in non-sympathetic axons (lacking small dense-cored vesicles) supplying cerebral vessels and the iris (Mione at al. 1990). The source of increased cerebrovasular NPY is thought to be preexisting parasympathetic cranial ganglia which normally express both NPY and VIP (Gibbins and Morris 1998).
Indeed, sympathectomy-induced DBH-immunoreactivity in the sphenopalatine (parasympathetic) ganglion occurs at the same time as a loss of VIP-immunoreactivity (Fan and Smith 1993). In the cerebral and uterine artery, loss of sympathetic nerves also leads to increased DBH-immunoreactivity in non-sympathetic nerves that lack TH and NA (Morris et al. 1991).
The loss of sympathtetic neurones and nerve fibres is also accompanied by striking increases in sensory innervation. This has been attributed to increased availability to NGF (as there are no sympathetic nerves with which to compete for uptake) which promotes the growth of sensory nerves (Kessler et al. 1983)
In the lung, sympathectomy induced a marked increase in CGRP-immunoreactive nerve density around the airways, and blood vessels.
The Autonomic Nervous System. Part I. Normal Functions by O. Appenzeller (Hardcover - Dec 1, 1999)
Category: Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology
Publication Date: 1999-12-16 Publisher: Elsevier - Health Sciences Div
Ultrastructural changes in the pineal gland
H. J. Romijn1
| (1) | Present address: Department of Electron Microscopy, Netherlands Central Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
Received: 3 March 1975
Summary The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland was investigated after sympathectomy (extirpation or decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia), parasympathectomy, continuous illumination and continuous darkness. The similarity of the ultrastructural changes in the light pinealocytes occurring after sympathectomy and after continuous illumination was striking. It is supposed that these changes have a common cause,viz. the lack of free noradrenaline, the pinealotropic neurotransmitter.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum present in the terminals of the offshoots of the light pinealocytes is possibly involved in pineal indoleamine synthesis.
Denervated heart does not respons as effectively as it should
Somatic effectors are dependent on their innervation to maintain structural and functional integrity. When denervated, they eventually atrophy. This is the fate of denervated voluntary muscles as noted in a lower motor neuron paralysis.
Denervated involuntary muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands continue to function. For example, the transplanted heart may function reasonably well. However, when deprived of autonomic nervous system influences, these effectors are abnormal in that they do not respond as effectively as they should to satisfy the changind demands of the organism.
Denervated involuntary muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands continue to function. For example, the transplanted heart may function reasonably well. However, when deprived of autonomic nervous system influences, these effectors are abnormal in that they do not respond as effectively as they should to satisfy the changind demands of the organism.
The Human Nervous System
Structure and Function Noback, C.R.; Ruggiero, D.A.; Demarest, R.J.; Strominger, N.L. (Eds.)
2007, 416 p. 178 illus., SoftcoverISBN: 978-1-58829-040-3
Mia: Please note, that with heart transplants both, sympathetic and parasympathetic influences are disrupted , so while there is denervation, there is no obvious imbalance between these. In sympathectomy, only the sympathetic nerves are cut, and the parasympathetic influence is predominant, whic will result in slowing of the heart.
Mia: Please note, that with heart transplants both, sympathetic and parasympathetic influences are disrupted , so while there is denervation, there is no obvious imbalance between these. In sympathectomy, only the sympathetic nerves are cut, and the parasympathetic influence is predominant, whic will result in slowing of the heart.
Reduced Heart Rate Variability and Increased C-reacitve protein - predicts death and myocardial infarction
Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) both indicate poor prognosis. An inverse association between HRV and CRP has been reported, suggesting an interaction between inflammatory and autonomic systems. However, the prognostic impact of this interaction has not been studied. We thus investigated the prognostic impact of CRP, HRV and their combinations.
Conclusions: The combination of CRP and HRV or heart rate (HR) predicts death and myocardial infarction with synergism, indicating interaction between inflammatory and autonomic systems with a prognostic significance.
Journal of Internal Medicine. 260(4):377-387, October 2006.
SAJADIEH, A. 1; NIELSEN, O. W. 1; RASMUSSEN, V. 2; HEIN, H. O. 3; HANSEN, J. F. 1
Conclusions: The combination of CRP and HRV or heart rate (HR) predicts death and myocardial infarction with synergism, indicating interaction between inflammatory and autonomic systems with a prognostic significance.
Journal of Internal Medicine. 260(4):377-387, October 2006.
SAJADIEH, A. 1; NIELSEN, O. W. 1; RASMUSSEN, V. 2; HEIN, H. O. 3; HANSEN, J. F. 1
| |
Sympathectomy is known to alter immunity
Chemical Sympathectomy, as well as manipulation of the autonomic nervous system, is known to alter lymphocyte dependent immunity.
The stress induced by autonomic dysregulation after SCI, and especially by episodes of autonomic dysreflexia, may well be an important cause of immune suppression in this group.
Neurologic events are known to affect immunologic function indirectly, through the pituitary adrenal axis, and through endocrine and neuropeptide regulation. Stress induces the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone from the pituitary. This induces the release of immuno-suppressive glucocorticoids. In addition, the adrenal medulla releases catecholamines that alter leukocyte migration and lymphocyte responsiveness. Other hormones, including insulin, thyroxin, growth hormones, samostatin, and the sex hormones modulate T- and B-cell functions in complex ways. A number of abnormalities in endocrine function accompany SCI. Abnormal endocrine physiology involving sex hormones, aldosterone, catecholamines, and methylhydroxymandelic acid have been described.
Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles and Practice Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles and practiceby Vernon W. Lin, Diana D. Cardenas, Nancy C., MD Cutter,
Published by Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. 2002
The stress induced by autonomic dysregulation after SCI, and especially by episodes of autonomic dysreflexia, may well be an important cause of immune suppression in this group.
Neurologic events are known to affect immunologic function indirectly, through the pituitary adrenal axis, and through endocrine and neuropeptide regulation. Stress induces the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone from the pituitary. This induces the release of immuno-suppressive glucocorticoids. In addition, the adrenal medulla releases catecholamines that alter leukocyte migration and lymphocyte responsiveness. Other hormones, including insulin, thyroxin, growth hormones, samostatin, and the sex hormones modulate T- and B-cell functions in complex ways. A number of abnormalities in endocrine function accompany SCI. Abnormal endocrine physiology involving sex hormones, aldosterone, catecholamines, and methylhydroxymandelic acid have been described.
Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles and Practice Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles and practiceby Vernon W. Lin, Diana D. Cardenas, Nancy C., MD Cutter,
Published by Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. 2002
efficacy ranging from 13% to 80% ?
Lumbar sympathetic blockade is indicated for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of painful and other conditions presumably associated with sympathetic nervous system dysfunction. Anatomy of the lumbar sympathetic chain and the rationale for the block are essential to know before performing the block. Different techniques have been described for the lumbar sympathetic blockade, with efficacy ranging from 13% to 80%, which varies according to the initial patient pathology. Genito-femoral neuralgia occurs in about 5% of patients after neurolytic block. Other potential complications are infection, hematomas, and somatic nerve damage. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management, Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 99-101
N.Mekhail, O.Malak
cervical sympathectomy resulted in a rapid degeneration in some of the cells in the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes
J Anat. 1984 October; 139(Pt 3): 449–461. | PMCID: PMC1165060 |
An ultrastructural study of the effects of right cervical sympathectomy on the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes in the heart of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
This study describes the ultrastructural changes in the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after right cervical sympathectomy. Obvious changes in the nodal cells were seen one day after operation. Numerous glycogen particles grouped together to form electron-dense patches containing vacuoles in the cytoplasm. At three days after operation, intracellular organelles exhibited fragmentation and dissolution. By five and seven days after operation, the affected cells were vacuolated and some were swollen and appeared to have degenerated. Simultaneously, there was massive infiltration of macrophages were present nodal tissues. Axon profiles and terminals showing various degrees of degeneration were present in the vicinity of the nodal cells throughout the period of study. It is concluded that right cervical sympathectomy resulted in a rapid degeneration in some of the cells in the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes.
Cervical sympathectomy causes photoreceptor-specific cell death in the rat retina
There was a significant reduction (30%) in photoreceptor numbers in the sympathectomized eye. This loss was due to apoptosis, as there was over a doubling in apoptotic cell numbers after sympathectomy. This loss of photoreceptors in the sympathectomized eye resulted in a significantly reduced width of the outer nuclear layer of the retina when compared to the contralateral eye. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining was also noted after sympathectomy in the ganglion cell layer with streaking toward the bipolar cell layer. These results suggest that loss of sympathetic innervation may cause significant changes to the physiology of the choroid.Autonomic Neuroscience, Volume 120, Issue 1, Pages 46-51
J. Steinle, N. Lindsay, B. Lashbrook
