The amount of compensatory sweating depends on the patient, the damage that the white rami communicans incurs, and the amount of cell body reorganization in the spinal cord after surgery.
Other potential complications include inadequate resection of the ganglia, gustatory sweating, pneumothorax, cardiac dysfunction, post-operative pain, and finally Horner’s syndrome secondary to resection of the stellate ganglion.
www.ubcmj.com/pdf/ubcmj_2_1_2010_24-29.pdf

After severing the cervical sympathetic trunk, the cells of the cervical sympathetic ganglion undergo transneuronic degeneration
After severing the sympathetic trunk, the cells of its origin undergo complete disintegration within a year.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1967.tb00255.x/abstract

Saturday, April 19, 2008

Parallels between patients post-sympathectomy and patients with spinal cord injury:

The amount of compensatory sweating depends on the patient, the damage that the white rami communicans incurs, and the amount of cell body reorganization in the spinal cord after surgery.
www.ubcmj.com/pdf/ubcmj_2_1_2010_24-29.pdf
After severing the cervical sympathetic trunk, the cells of the cervical sympathetic ganglion undergo transneuronic degeneration
After severing the sympathetic trunk, the cells of its origin undergo complete disintegration within a year.

http://www.date.hu/acta-agraria/2002-08i/welento.pdf


sympathectomy must somehow quiet the contralateral spread of spinal cord hyperexcitability underlying mirror-image pain

Blocking sympathetic function, whether by surgical sympathectomy, systemic phentolamine, or systemic guanethidine, relieves partial nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in laboratory animal models as well as humans (8, 35, 146, 239, 278). Indeed, sympathectomy does not just relieve pathological pain in the body region ipsilateral to the CRPS-initiating event; rather, it also relieves pain arising from anatomically impossible mirror-image sites, that is, the identical body region contralateral to the initiating event (278). Thus sympathectomy must somehow quiet the contralateral spread of spinal cord hyperexcitability underlying mirror-image pain. 

Alterations in sympathetic fibers rapidly follow peripheral nerve injury. This occurs as sprouting of sympathetic fibers, creating aberrant communication pathways from the new sympathetic terminals to sensory neurons (35). Sympathetic sprouting has been documented in the region of peripheral terminal fields of sensory neurons (262), at the site of nerve trauma (57), and within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) containing cell bodies of sensory neurons (248, 343). Each of these sites develops spontaneous activity and sensitivity for catecholamines and sympathetic activation (8, 53). 



The clearest evidence that immune activation participates in sympathetic sprouting comes from studies of the DRG. DRG cells receive signals that peripheral nerve injury has occurred via retrograde axonal transport from the trauma site. These retrogradely transported signals trigger sympathetic nerve sprouting into DRG (205, 308). As a result of nerve damage-induced retrogradely transported signals, glial cells within the DRG (called satellite cells) proliferate (248) and become activated (343); macrophages are recruited to the DRG as well (63, 176). In turn, the activated satellite glial cells (and, presumably, the macrophages) release proinflammatory cytokines and a variety of growth factors into the extracellular fluid of the DRG (206, 246 –248, 258, 277, 308, 358). These substances stimulate and direct the growth of sympathetic fibers, which form basket-like terminals around the satellite cells that, in turn, surround neuronal cell bodies (247, 248, 343). 

Until recently, the sympathetic sprouting, rather than the glial (satellite cell) activation, has attracted the attention of pain researchers. The satellite cells were ignored as they were thought to be irrelevant to the creation of exaggerated pain states. However, it may be speculated that the satellite cells, rather than the sympathetic sprouts, have the most impact on pain.

Physiol Rev VOL 82 OCTOBER 2002 www.prv.org
Beyond Neurons: Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells 
Contribute to Pathological Pain States 
LINDA R. WATKINS AND STEVEN F. MAIER 
Department of Psychology and the Center for Neuroscience, 
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

 

"agr-Adrenoceptor responsiveness in dorsal foot veins is increased in patients with tetraplegia. Hypersensitivity of vascular agr-adrenoceptors may contribute to autonomic dysreflexia in patients with high spinal cord injury."

J. M. O. Arnold1 Contact Information, Q. -P. Feng1, G. A. Delaney2 and R. W. Teasell3
(1) Victoria Hospital, University of Western Ontario, 375 South Street, N6A 4G5 London, Ontario, Canada
(2) Parkwood Hospital, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
(3) University Hospital, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Received: 5 September 1994 Accepted: 20 July 1995