people have a decreased quality of life after this procedure
Treatment available to patients with primary hyperhidrosis
Treatment of primary excessive sweating is split into non-surgical and surgical options.
Sympathectomy=Autonomic Neuropathy
Sympathectomy is a surgery that involves damage to the nerves involved in body temperature regulation, sweating, bloodpressure regulation, and the regulation of many bodily functions, in the maintenance of the body's homeostasis.
Autonomic neuropathy is associated with the following:
- Alcoholic neuropathy
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Parkinson's disease
- Disorders involving sclerosis of tissues
- Surgery or injury involving the nerves
- Use of anticholinergic medications
- Swollen abdomen
- Heat intolerance, induced by exercise
- Nausea after eating
- Vomiting of undigested food
- Early satiety (feeling full after only a few bites)
- Unintentional weight loss of more than 5% of body weight
- Male impotence
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Dizziness that occurs when standing up
- Blood pressure changes with position
- Urinary incontinence (overflow incontinence)
- Difficulty beginning to urinate
- Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
- Fainting
- Abnormal sweating
819-823, Copyright © 1991 by Endocrine Society
Sequential cerebrospinal fluid
and plasma sampling in
humans: 24-hour melatonin
measurements in normal
subjects and after peripheral
sympathectomy
J Bruce, L Tamarkin, C Riedel, S Markey and
E Oldfield
After bilateral T1-T2 ganglionectomy, however, melatonin levels were markedly reduced, and the diurnal rhythm was abolished.
Control of intraocular blood flow
II. Effects of sympathetic tone
John J. Weiter, Ronald A. Schachar, and J. Terry Ernest
(animal study)
March 7, 1973
Cervical sympathectomy increased ocu-
lar blood flow more than 30 per cent
(Table I). The increase in blood flow was
approximately equal in both the uveal sub-
divisions and the retina. Sympathetic
stimulation decreased ocular blood flow.
The blood flow was decreased by 56 per
cent in the ciliary body, 45 per cent in the
choroid, and 41 per cent in the retina. The
results were similar when the control vs.
experimental eye was alternated.
Eliminates the input of central signals to the pineal gland
Melatonin Metabolism: Neural
Regulation of Pineal Serotonin:
Acetyl Coenzyme A
N-acetyltransferase Activity
David C. Klein, Joan L. Weller, and
Robert Y. Moore
These data indicate that superior cervical
sympathectomy abolishes the N-acetyl-transferase
rhythm by elimination of the input of central signals
to the gland. These signals appear to regulate the
N-acetyltransferase rhythm in the normal rat by
regulation of the release of norepinephrine from the
sympathetic terminals within the pineal gland.
hormones
hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in rats.
Hiroshi Iwama1 , Mamoru Adachi1, Choichiro Tase1 and
Yoichi Akama1
(1) Department of Anesthesiology, Fukushima Medical College, 1
Hikarigaoka, 960-12 Fukushima, Japan
Received: 26 June 1995 Accepted: 1 March 1996
sympathectomy-induced bone resorption
the middle ear.
Author:Sherman, B E : Chole, R A
Citation:Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1995 Nov; 113(5): 569-81
Now I want to look at the correlative psychological modes of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. These are general qualities rather than fixed attributes.
Sympathectomy causes parasympathetic dominance. It will 'reset' your modus operandi. It will change you.
Sympathetic - Parasympathetic
Activity - Receptivity
Speed - Slowness
Tension - Relaxation
Focus - Scope
Convergent thinking - Divergent thinking
Extraversion - Introversion
Goal-oriented - Process-oriented
Agency - Presence
Direction - Elaboration
Doctors in Finland, US and Iran also offer sympathectomy to reduce anxiety, fear, stress, phobias, to reduce aggressiveness, reduce depression (sic!), reduce palpitations. The psychological changes following surgery are widely known among medical professionals, but patients are not told about them. They are told that this is a safe, minimally invasive procedure. Maybe the surgical cut they need is minimal, the procedure is certainly not minimally invasive. It will invade and violate the core of your being. It will change your body and your mind. Many people get depressed because they are not able to cope with this, like a friend who killed himself after 8 years of waiting and hoping that his condition will improve. He was 46.
seminar ‘The New Anatomy: Exploring the Mind in the Body’ run at Chiron February-March 2001.
It will be all altered. Sympathectomy produces a parasympathetic dominance.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Autonomic Nervous System:
Barometer of Emotional Intensity and Internal Conflict
A lecture given for Confer, 27th March, 2001
The material for this lecture is part of a six evening seminar ‘The New Anatomy: Exploring the Mind in the Body’ run at Chiron February-March 2001.
In standard physiology the two parts of the ANS have been perceived as functioning reciprocally: the sympathetic governing arousal, the fight or flight reaction and the parasympathetic involving relaxation, recuperation and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system is activated by any stimulus over an individual’s threshold (and the threshold can vary enormously), including feelings, and by noise, light, drugs and chemicals (e.g. caffeine).In response to the stimulus an immediate anticipatory state is generated by the release of adrenaline. This causes the heart to beat more quickly and strongly, increases blood supply to the muscles, raises blood pressure, dilates the bronchii and increases the breathing rate, raises the blood sugar level for increased energy, speeds up mental activity, increases tension in the muscles, dilates pupils and increases sweating. Non-emergency functions, such as digestion are lessened or suspended. (priming phase – short-term) Walter Cannon coined the phrase ‘fight or flight’ to describe the function of the rapid mobilisation of resources.
Mia: Mobilization of resources relies on the integrity of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathectomy by definition disrupts the signal pathways, leading to physiological, mental and emotional dysfunction. The response to stimuli described above is eliminated. Adrenaline is not delivered t the heart, the heart will not beat faster, there will be no increased blood supply, increase in blood pressure, increase in blood sugar, no increase in energy and no speedier mental activity. NO matter what happens, people who undergo the procedure end up constantly calm and detached, they feel emotionally dead and many of them end up depressed and suicidal. They compare it to becoming a zombie. This is the explanation for it.
ANS and emotional intensity
The Autonomic Nervous System:
Barometer of Emotional Intensity and Internal Conflict
A lecture given for Confer, 27th March, 2001
The material for this lecture is part of a six evening seminar ‘The New Anatomy: Exploring the Mind in the Body’ run at Chiron February-March 2001.
The Autonomic Nervous System has two branches, the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic, which regulate the involuntary processes of the body, the viscera, and sense organs, glands and blood vessels. In evolutionary terms it is older than the CNS and its anatomical circuitry is broadly dispersed, creating a general response, quite unlike the highly specific pathways and response of the CNS. This generalised, widely distributed structure enables it to mediate overall changes in state; it is part of the limbic system which has also been known as the mammalian or emotional brain.
...– we now know that it is dynamically related to many other parts of the brain especially the orbitofrontal cortex. Autonomic also means self-regulating and this is a key principle of all body systems, which depend of constant feedback in order to maintain homeostasis. There are multiple feedback loops in the body which continually send and receive information about what’s going on and the ANS is part of this wider complex.
The FINOHTA REPORT
associated with significant immediate and long-term
adverse effects. This is alarming especially since
the operation is performed to alleviate a relatively
harmless condition. Many patients also suffer from
compensatory hyperhidrosis after ETS. Due to wide
variation in the reporting of adverse effects, it is
probable that these have been underreported most of
the time. "
SAMPLE OF THE SALES PITCH - THIS IS HOW IT'S DONE
Endoscopic sympathectomy is a highly-effective treatment for patients with palmar or facial hyperhydrosis. ETS allows simultaneous treatment of both sides with a very low risk of complications. Attention to surgical detail is important to achieve excellent long-term results. We continue to lead the New York metropolitan area in minimally invasive thoracoscopic procedures, and especially ETS.
THE SYMPATHECTOMY FAILURE
Sympathectomy is similar to permanently removing the central heat and air-conditioning system and never replacing it because of malfunction.
Sympathectomy permanently damages the temperature regulatory system. The reason sympathectomy does not cause side effects other than ineffective control of pain as well as impotence and orthostatic hypotension is because it is invariably partial and incomplete.H. Hooshmand, M.D.
Melbourne Surgeon's definition of a very safe procedure
Not being able to sweat and cool of through the head is more than annoying. 40% of the body heat is released through the top of the head. This will be eliminated. The will be no sweating from the head, neck and shoulders.
The the skin's natural cleaning mechanism, sweating will be eliminated. The skin will become dehydrated, clogged up and more prone to acne. Sympathectomy also lowers the denervated skin's immune responses, it will be more prone to infections. Sympathectomy alters the skin's healing process. People undergoing the opearation will have scar tissue after the operation and from future cutaneous trauma.
Sympathetic denervation impairs epidermal healing in cutaneous wounds
LINCOLN R. KIM, BSCaI KEITH WHELPDALE, MSCb; MA TEUSZ ZUROWSKI, MSCb; BRUCE POMERANZ, MD, PhD°, b
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND DENERVATION
MANY PATIENTS COMPLAIN ABOUT VISUAL DISTURBANCES, BLURRY VISION AFTER THE SURGERY. THERE IS THE CASE OF ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION CAUSED BY THE SURGERY BY DISABLING REGULATION OF THE BLOODPRESSURE, SO THAT BLOOD POOLS INTO THE LEGS WHEN PATIENTS STAND UP. THIS CAN CAUSE BLURRY VISION. THE SYMPATHETIC NERVES ALSO INNERVATE THE SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT IS INVOLVED IN EYEMOVEMENTS. AND NOW THIS ARTICLE TALKING ABOUT THE CONNECTION BETWEEN INNERVATION AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE.
IT IS A WELL-DOCUMENTED FACT THAT THE OPERATION CAN CAUSE HORNER SYNDROME, CAUSING A DROOPY EYELID AND AFFECTING THE PUPILS.
b. Cervical sympathectomy causes photoreceptor-specific cell death in the
rat retina
Jena J. Steinle , , Naarah L. Lindsay and Bethany L. Lashbrook
There was a significant reduction (30%) in photoreceptor numbers in the sympathectomized eye. This loss was due to apoptosis, as there was over a doubling in apoptotic cell numbers after sympathectomy. This loss of photoreceptors in the sympathectomized eye resulted in a significantly reduced width of the outer nuclear layer of the retina when compared to the contralateral eye. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining was also noted after sympathectomy in the ganglion cell layer with streaking toward the bipolar cell layer. These results suggest that loss of sympathetic innervation may cause significant changes to the physiology of the choroid.
Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND INNERVATION
Autoimmune disease and innervation.
Rainer H Straub
In the decades before 1987, most of the research devoted to neuronal innervation was carried
out in primary and secondary lymphoid organs at very different locations. This was an important period in order to understand hard-wiring of immune organs in physiology. Between 1988 and 1997, with the appearance of specific antibodies against neuronal markers, innervation was studied in inflamed tissue of patients and of animals with autoimmune diseases. This period clearly revealed that nerve fibers of, both, the sympathetic and sensory nervous system are altered, but only small amounts of tissue have been investigated by qualitative but not quantitative techniques. Between 1998 and 2007, with the understanding that sympathetic and sensory neurotransmitters might play opposite roles in inflammation, nerve fibers of the different nervous systems have been studied in parallel using quantitative techniques. These studies have been carried out in a large number of patients with long-standing autoimmune diseases. It turned out that sympathetic nerve fibers are lost in chronically inflamed tissue, while substance P-positive nerve fibers sprout into the inflamed area. This might be important because high concentrations of sympathetic neurotransmitters are antiinflammatory whereas substance P has a proinflammatory role. The first challenge for future research is the determination of innervation in the early human autoimmune disease. The second challenge is the identification of reasons for the differential loss of sympathetic in relation to sensory nerve fibers. It might well be that nerve repellent factors specific for the sympathetic nerve fiber might play an important role for the observed differential loss. Whether, or not, a therapy can be based on these findings remains to be established.
[Pubmed] [Scholar] [EndNote] [BibTex] [Doi]
THIS IS WHAT THERMOREGULATORY DYSFUNCTION LOOKS LIKE
CONSIDERABLE HYPERTHERMIA THROUGHOUT THE FACE AND NECK, WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION.
A SURGICALLY INDUCED AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH T2 SYMPATHECTOMY.
A SIGNIFICANT PATERN OF HYPOTHERMIA EXTENDING FROM THE RIGHT ARM INTO THE RIGHT AXILLA, THIS ALSO CORRELATES WITH THERMOREGULATORY DYSFUNCTION.
MORE ON BRAIN COOLING
“The efficiency of SBC (Selective Brain Cooling) is increased by evaporation of sweat on the head and by ventilation through the nose.” (Nagasaka et al. 1998)
“A necessary condition for SBC is a high heat loss capacity from the head itself, without such a heat loss SBC is not possible.” (Cabanac 1993)
“Because the human head sweats more than the rest of the body, heat loss from the head skin could amount to 125-175 Watts under conditions of moderate hyperthermia.” (http://www.editthis.info/corposcindosis/Changes_to_Systemic_Function%2C_part_1Cabanac 1993)
SELECTIVE BRAIN COOLING...IF THERE IS NO SWEATING FROM THE FACE...?
Selective Brain Cooling
Besides the general “heat intolerance”, ETS patients have anecdotally reported what they consider to be a “hot brain” syndrome. In particular, Taiwanese ETS patient and robotics engineer “Hpymaker” has made frequent references in the oral history to this hot brain phenomenon. Songboy1234 has also reported a very disturbing sensation like a fever that occurs when exercise is attempted.
Is there any scientific reason to suppose that ETS surgery could interfere with brain cooling, separate from the general thermoregulatory difficulties already shown? This would depend upon whether the normal human has any mechanism to selectively cool the brain; and if so, whether that mechanism is damaged by sympathectomy. The answers are yes we do; and yes it is.
Studies from decades ago began to confirm Selective Brain Cooling. “Cooling of the head skin . . .produces a significant improvement in the performance of heat-stressed humans.” (Kenney, see Williams & Shitzer, 1974).
The ability to selectively cool the brain during hyperthermia (overheating) has long been an accepted fact in many mammals, such as dogs. Dogs have a network of blood vessels in the head called the “carotid rete” which allows heat exchange between warm blood in arteries and cooler blood in veins. The excess heat escapes through the mouth during panting. Humans do not have a carotid rete, so for some time the notion of selective brain cooling in humans was controversial.
However, it has been shown that at 65.8˚ F (18.8˚ C) ambient temperature the deep trunk temperature of a marathon runner may rise to 107.4˚ F (41.9˚ C) with no clinical sign of heat illness (Cabanac et al. 1979; see Maron, Wagner & Horvath, 1977). Michel Cabanac at the Department of Physiology, Laval University, Quebec has been studying Selective Brain Cooling in Humans since the 1970’s, and has evidently discovered the mechanism by which humans accomplish this.
It turns out that certain veins in the face, such as the ophthalmic veins, will actually reverse the direction of blood flow when the body begins to overheat. The blood in these veins is cooled by evaporation of facial sweat, then flows backwards into the sinus and intercranuim area, cooling the carotid artery and the brain.
“The selective influence of facial fanning on human brain temperature can be attributed, therefore, to cool venous blood perfusing the cavernous sinus and possibly cooling the blood of the internal carotid artery.” (Cabanac et al. 1979)
A group of Japanese physiologists at Kanazawa University have been confirming and expanding upon Cabanac’s findings. Their studies subject people to heat stress and exercise, and measure variables such as skin temperature, core temperature, forehead sweating, and blood flow in the ophthalmic vein. They found “that there are elements within the brain that control the mechanisms for switching the direction of venous flow through the emissary veins to keep the brain cool during hyperthermia.” (Hirashita et al. 1992)
Given that this direction-reversing mechanism requires vascular control in the face, we already have strong reason to suspect that ETS would disturb if not destroy selective brain cooling. Is head sweating also important to this process?
“The efficiency of SBC (Selective Brain Cooling) is increased by evaporation of sweat on the head and by ventilation through the nose.” (Nagasaka et al. 1998)http://www.editthis.info/corposcindosis/Changes_to_Systemic_Function%2C_part_1
ETS SURGEON ADMITS OPERATION CAUSES HEAT INTOLERANCE
Nielson Website
Additional confirmation of thermoregulatory difficulties comes from ETS surgeon David Nielson, whose advertising website has, since 2003, listed “heat intolerance” among the “side effects” produced by the surgery. Nielson website
LOSS OF SENSATION IN THE DENERVED AREAS (SHOULDERS, ARMS, NECK, HEAD/FACE)
Loss of Tactile Sensitivity
The anecdotal oral histories consistently report loss of tactile sensitivity in the denerved areas. Is this possible, given that sensory nerves are something separate from sympathetic nerves? Yes, because “sympathetic nerves are known to modulate sensory nerve function” (Merhi et al. 1998; see Khalil 1997).
