Sympathetic chain injury called 'complication'. Now this same 'complication' is marketed for people with palmar hyperhidrosis and blushing.
Cervical sympathetic chain injury is a rare complication of surgery for thyroid and parathyroid conditions.
ANZ Journal of Surgery. 74(6):442-445, June 2004.
HARDING, JANE L. MB BS; SYWAK, MARK S. MB BS, FRACS; SIDHU, STAN MB BS, PhD, FRACS; DELBRIDGE, LEIGH W. MD, FRACS
ANZ Journal of Surgery. 74(6):442-445, June 2004.
HARDING, JANE L. MB BS; SYWAK, MARK S. MB BS, FRACS; SIDHU, STAN MB BS, PhD, FRACS; DELBRIDGE, LEIGH W. MD, FRACS
Eye innervation - part of the thermoregulatory system
Our results show that cold thermoreceptors sensitive to small temperature changes are distributed throughout the entire ocular surface, most frequently in the highly vascularized perilimbal episclera, but also in the posterior segment of the eye. Nerve fibers activated by cold had spotlike receptive fields and responded to temperature reductions with a nerve impulse discharge that started as soon as the local temperature began to decline, and increased monotonically in firing frequency in parallel with the decrease in temperature.
http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/44/2/697
http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/44/2/697
Transection of the sympathetic chain
Activating transcription factor 3 immunoreactivity identifies small populations of axotomized neurons in rat cervical sympathetic ganglia after transection of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk.
These data indicate that, after transection of the CST, neuronal labeling in the SCG and MICG is restricted to axotomized neurons but that in addition there is extensive labeling of glial cells associated with anterograde degeneration within the SCG.
http://www.nextbio.com/b/literature/literature.nb?id=17583680&query=Right+cervical+sympathetic+trunk&author=
These data indicate that, after transection of the CST, neuronal labeling in the SCG and MICG is restricted to axotomized neurons but that in addition there is extensive labeling of glial cells associated with anterograde degeneration within the SCG.
http://www.nextbio.com/b/literature/literature.nb?id=17583680&query=Right+cervical+sympathetic+trunk&author=
Selective brain cooling following sympathectomy
We have investigated the role of the sympathetic innervation of the vasculature of the head in the control of selective brain cooling of sheep, during exposure to high and low ambient temperatures and during endotoxin-induced fever. Bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia resulted in a significant reduciton of hypothalamic temperture during all procedures. Respiratory rate was also depressed by the sympathectomy, apparently mainly as a result of a decrease in nasal airway patency. Rectal temperature changes after sympathectomy were dependent on the experimental conditions, and the rectal — hypothalamic temperature difference was enhanced during heat exposure and fever. Our results support the contention that sympathetically mediated changes in nasal blood flow and in venous return from the nasal cavity, via the angularis oculi and facial veins, may be involved in the control of selective brain cooling in sheep.
| Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology | |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
| ISSN | 0031-6768 (Print) 1432-2013 (Online) |
| Issue | Volume 417, Number 4 / December, 1990 |
various other central physiological and metabolic events in cervical sympathectomized animals
Studies were conducted confirming supersensitivity to catecholamines on intraocular pressure and pupil size following bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy in rabbits.
At the termination of these studies we examined changes in cyclic adenylic acid and prostaglandin content in jugular vein effluent and various brain and ocular tissues and fluids of the sympathectomized versus control animals. In the blood effluent we found significant elevation of cyclic adenylic acid and significant lowering of prostaglandin F1alpha in the sympathectomized animals. Although we found elevation of prostaglandin in certain tissues of the sympathectomized animals, there were no significant changes in cyclic adenylic acid levels between sympathectomized and control animals in the tissues examined. The findings of prostaglandin (blood and tissue) and cyclic adenylic acid (blood) changes in sympathectomized animals, associated with known changes in intraocular pressure and pupil size (due to catecholamine supersensitivity) must elicit further interest in the correlation and interpretation of various other central physiological and metabolic events in cervical sympathectomized animals.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/213796?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed
At the termination of these studies we examined changes in cyclic adenylic acid and prostaglandin content in jugular vein effluent and various brain and ocular tissues and fluids of the sympathectomized versus control animals. In the blood effluent we found significant elevation of cyclic adenylic acid and significant lowering of prostaglandin F1alpha in the sympathectomized animals. Although we found elevation of prostaglandin in certain tissues of the sympathectomized animals, there were no significant changes in cyclic adenylic acid levels between sympathectomized and control animals in the tissues examined. The findings of prostaglandin (blood and tissue) and cyclic adenylic acid (blood) changes in sympathectomized animals, associated with known changes in intraocular pressure and pupil size (due to catecholamine supersensitivity) must elicit further interest in the correlation and interpretation of various other central physiological and metabolic events in cervical sympathectomized animals.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/213796?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed
Sympathectomy can result in Dysautonomia
Dysautonomia is any disease or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system.
In some cases, dysautonomia results in a reduction in the ability of the heart and circulatory system to compensate for changes in posture, such as causing dizziness or fainting when standing or even sitting up. In other cases, inappropriate sinus tachycardia may cause the heart to race for no apparent reason. Other symptoms can include severe migraines, excessive urination.
Causes of dysautonomias are not fully understood, but they are thought to include viral illness, genetic factors, exposure to chemicals, pregnancy, autoimmune disorders, and a physical trauma or injury which damages the autonomic nervous system.[3]
There is no cure for dysautonomia, medications are used to stablize the condition on a long-term basis.
In some cases, dysautonomia results in a reduction in the ability of the heart and circulatory system to compensate for changes in posture, such as causing dizziness or fainting when standing or even sitting up. In other cases, inappropriate sinus tachycardia may cause the heart to race for no apparent reason. Other symptoms can include severe migraines, excessive urination.
Causes of dysautonomias are not fully understood, but they are thought to include viral illness, genetic factors, exposure to chemicals, pregnancy, autoimmune disorders, and a physical trauma or injury which damages the autonomic nervous system.[3]
There is no cure for dysautonomia, medications are used to stablize the condition on a long-term basis.
galanin and VIP mRNA after sympathectomy
Large changes in neuronal gene expression occur in adult peripheral neurons after axonal transection. In the rat superior cervical ganglion, for example, neurons that do not normally express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or galanin do so after postganglionic nerve transection. These effects of axotomy could result from a number of aspects of the surgical procedure. To test the idea that the important variable might be the disconnection of axotomized neuronal cell bodies from their target tissues, we examined the effects of producing such a disconnection by means of the compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin that causes degeneration of sympathetic varicosities and avoids many of the complications of surgery. Two days after 6-OHDA treatment, VIP and galanin immunoreactivities had increased two- and 40-fold, respectively. Nevertheless, these increases were substantially smaller than the 30- and 300-fold changes seen after surgical axotomy. When expression of VIP and galanin was examined at the mRNA level, however, comparable increases were found after either procedure. The results indicate that chemical destruction of sympathetic varicosities produces an equivalent signal for increasing VIP and galanin mRNA as does axonal transection.
Received: 9 January 1996; Accepted: 3 April 1996
Chemical sympathectomy and postganglionic nerve transection produce similar increases in galanin and VIP mRNA but differ in their effects on peptide content. |
| H. Hyatt-Sachs, M. Bachoo, R. Schreiber, S. A. Vaccariello, R. E. Zigmond * |
| Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4975 |
Journal of Neurobiology
A reduction in heat tolerance after Sympathectomy
Role of splanchnic and lumbar sympathetic nerves in physiologic responses to fever and hypoxia in dogs
DOPAMINE, AROUSAL, CREATIVE DRIVE AND IDEA GENERATION
Dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway increases general arousal and goal directed behaviors and decreases latent inhibition; all three effects increase the creative drive of idea generation. This has led to a three-factor model of creativity involving the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, and mesolimbic dopamine.[34]
Behavior disorders
Pharmacological blockade of brain dopamine receptors increases rather than decreases drug-taking behavior. Since blocking dopamine decreases desire, the increase in drug-taking behaviour may be seen as not a chemical desire but as a deeply psychological desire to just 'feel something'.
The effect of reduced DOPAMINE
In humans, however, drugs that reduce dopamine activity (neuroleptics, e.g. some antipsychotics) have been shown to reduce motivation, and to cause anhedonia a.k.a. the inability to experience pleasure.[13] Selective D2/D3 agonists pramipexole and ropinirole, used to treat Restless legs syndrome, have limited anti-anhedonic properties as measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale.[14] (The Snaith-Hamilton-Pleasure-Scale (SHAPS), introduced in English in 1995, assesses self-reported anhedonia in psychiatric patients.)
Additionally, users of stimulants often have depleted dopamine levels after withdrawal from these sometimes addictive substances.
Sociability is also closely tied to dopamine neurotransmission. Low D2 receptor-binding is found in people with social anxiety. Traits common to negative schizophrenia (social withdrawal, apathy, anhedonia) are thought to be related to a hypodopaminergic state in certain areas of the brain.
Abnormalities in dopaminergic neurotransmission have also been demonstrated in painful clinical conditions, including burning mouth syndrome,[26] fibromyalgia [27] [28] and restless legs syndrome.[29]
Salience
Dopamine may also have a role in the salience ('noticeableness') of perceived objects and events, with potentially important stimuli such as: 1) rewarding things or 2) dangerous or threatening things seeming more noticeable or important.[31] This hypothesis argues that dopamine assists decision-making by influencing the priority, or level of desire, of such stimuli to the person concerned.
Since blocking dopamine decreases desire, the increase in drug-taking behaviour may be seen as not a chemical desire but as a deeply psychological desire to just 'feel something'.
Deficits in dopamine levels are implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and stimulant medications used to successfully treat the disorder increase dopamine neurotransmitter levels, leading to decreased symptoms.
Dopamine is reduced by Sympathectomy
Dopamine has many functions in the brain, including important roles in behavior and cognition, motor activity, motivation and reward, inhibition of prolactin production (involved in lactation), sleep, mood, attention, and learning. Dopaminergic neurons (i.e., neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is dopamine) are present chiefly in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, substantia nigra pars compacta, and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
In the frontal lobes, dopamine controls the flow of information from other areas of the brain. Dopamine disorders in this region of the brain can cause a decline in neurocognitive functions, especially memory, attention, and problem-solving. Reduced dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex are thought to contribute to attention deficit disorder. It has been found that D1 receptors are responsible for the cognitive-enhancing effects of dopamine.[7]
In the frontal lobes, dopamine controls the flow of information from other areas of the brain. Dopamine disorders in this region of the brain can cause a decline in neurocognitive functions, especially memory, attention, and problem-solving. Reduced dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex are thought to contribute to attention deficit disorder. It has been found that D1 receptors are responsible for the cognitive-enhancing effects of dopamine.[7]
Effect of reduced Dopamine
Enlargement of the Breast—A New Side Effect of Transaxillary Cervical Sympathectomy: Case Report
http://ves.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/1/50
Breast enlargement after thoracoscopic sympathectomyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7XNJ-4S7S2X0-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3f96573d845688f9c13551c594353d73
Mia: Dopamine is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. Its main function as a hormone is to inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
Prolactin has many effects including regulating lactation, orgasms, and stimulating proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation): Increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands of the breasts. A comparison is made with the present opinion on activation of parasympathetic and blockade of sympathetic nerves to explain the various symptoms of a cluster attack.
The Involvement of Trigeminal Substance P Neurons in Cluster Headache. An Hypothesis
The present evidence suggests that the tonic discharge of normally functioning sympathetic nerves is capable of facilitating the response to angiotensin and that sympathectomy results in an abolition of this effect.
B. G. Zimmerman Ph.D.1
(Circulation Research. 1962;11:780.)
© 1962 American Heart Association, Inc.
Effect of Acute Sympathectomy on Responses to Angiotensin and Norepinephrine
(Circulation Research. 1962;11:780.)
© 1962 American Heart Association, Inc.
Parallels between post sympathectomy patient's symptoms and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Dr. Goldstein's CFS/FM protocol revolves around his understanding of these ailments as neurosomatic disorders. In helping to define such disorders, Dr. Goldstein says patients afflicted "do not feel, think, or function properly because the brain does not handle information properly." According to his research, Dr. Goldstein believes brain circuitry and transmittal of data for proper bodily function and health have become altered in conditions like CFS. Further, Dr. Goldstein comments "how the brain, the immune system, and the hormonal system simultaneously regulate the function of each other…is usually 'out of whack' in various ways in patients with neurosomatic disorders."
Dr. Goldstein believes that neurotransmitters, chemical substances that act as information messengers in the brain, are abnormally low in this condition. Norepinephrine and dopamine are two such neurotransmitters lacking in CFS patients. When these are decreased, the brain has difficulty assessing relevance of the numerous messages it constantly receives. Because of this, mentally challenging situations such as taking a test or sensory stimulating situations such as a shopping at a mall can be overwhelming.
Another cause of this easily distractible state is elevated levels of substance P. Substance P is a chemical that transmits pain messages. Overproduction of substance P results in increased sensations of pain.
Article by John W. Addington on Jay A. Goldstein's book:
Dr. Goldstein believes that neurotransmitters, chemical substances that act as information messengers in the brain, are abnormally low in this condition. Norepinephrine and dopamine are two such neurotransmitters lacking in CFS patients. When these are decreased, the brain has difficulty assessing relevance of the numerous messages it constantly receives. Because of this, mentally challenging situations such as taking a test or sensory stimulating situations such as a shopping at a mall can be overwhelming.
Another cause of this easily distractible state is elevated levels of substance P. Substance P is a chemical that transmits pain messages. Overproduction of substance P results in increased sensations of pain.
Article by John W. Addington on Jay A. Goldstein's book:
Betrayal by the Brain: The Neurologic Basis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome, and Related Neural Network Disorders
Published by Haworth Press, 1996
Blockade of the sympathetic nervous system substantially degrades ligament
Kelley W. Dwyer,1,2 Paolo P. Provenzano,1,2 Peter Muir,3 Wilmot B. Valhmu,1 and Ray Vanderby, Jr.1,2
J Appl Physiol 96: 711–718, 2004.
J Appl Physiol 96: 711–718, 2004.
The alpha-adrenergic sensitivity of smooth muscle following sympathectomy
The data obtained suggest alteration of pharmacological characteristics of smooth muscle alpha-adrenoceptors after interruption of the sympathetic nerve.
Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova. 1988 Sep;74(9):1287-93.
Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova. 1988 Sep;74(9):1287-93.
Compensatory sweating occurred in 87% of the patients serious in 36% and incapacitating in 6%)
Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Nov;78(5):1801-7.
haemodynamic response to cardiac sympathetic denervation corresponded to the efferent effect of beta-receptor blockade
The sympathetic denervated heart showed little chronotropic response to anaesthetic and surgical stimulation. On the contrary, the parasympathetic response was predominant. An episode of severe bradycardia occurred during endotracheal suctioning prior to extubation. The haemodynamic response to cardiac sympathetic denervation corresponded to the efferent effect of beta-receptor blockade.
The haemodynamic effect of thoracoscopic cardiac sympathectomy
Lim-Sim Lee, Chien-Chih Lin, Seok-Mun Ng, Chung-Fai Au
The haemodynamic effect of thoracoscopic cardiac sympathectomy
Lim-Sim Lee, Chien-Chih Lin, Seok-Mun Ng, Chung-Fai Au
European Journal of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/106568649/abstract
orthostatic hypotension increased significantly after ETS
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy attenuates reflex tachycardia during head-up tilt in lightly anesthetized patients with essential plamar hyperhidrosis
| Journal of Anesthesia | |
| Publisher | Springer Japan |
| ISSN | 0913-8668 (Print) 1438-8359 (Online) |
| Issue | Volume 16, Number 1 / February, 2002 |
The increase in heart rate in response to HUT (head-up tilt) was significantly reduced after surgery in the ETS group (from 34 ± 18 to 14 ± 11 beats·min−1; P <>−1; P = 0.911). Orthostatic hypertension disappeared completely after ETS (from 5 of 11 to none of 11 patients; P = 0.035), whereas the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension increased significantly after ETS (from 3 of 11 to 9 of 11 patients; P = 0.030). In the control group, the prevalence of neither orthostatic hypertension nor orthostatic hypotension changed after surgery.
